Europe Talks Migration: a cross-country study on changing public attitudes

In many countries, debates about migration have become increasingly polarized, and public trust in migration policies has declined. But for nearly a decade, More in Common has found that people's actual views on migration are far more complex than these heated debates suggest. Our research goes beyond the oversimplified 'pro-migration' versus 'anti-migration' arguments that dominate public discussion to understand what people really think. 

More in Common believes migration does not need to be such a divisive issue. After speaking with and surveying tens of thousands of people, we are convinced that solutions are possible. But the work starts with listening — understanding what people believe and how their values, priorities, and sense of identity shape their views on migration. This approach helps us find solutions that can bring people together instead of driving them apart.

Some of our most valuable insights come from comparing how people in different countries view immigration. While each country has unique factors — shaped by its history, identity, and border experiences — we also find many similarities across nations. That's why we launched the Europe Talks Migration project to study public attitudes in five European countries: Germany, France, Spain, Poland, and Italy.

Europe Talks Migration studies public attitudes through large-scale surveys and focus groups in all five countries. In each country, we ask questions about their specific national situation as well as standard questions that let us compare results across countries. Below are some key findings from this cross-country comparison. You can also click the links to see detailed results for each individual country.

Across Western democracies, immigration has high salience

Immigration is a top concern in all Western democracies where we conducted surveys in the first half of 2025, including the countries covered by Europe Talks Migration: France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Poland.

Half the population feels that immigration brings more costs than benefits

All five countries provide a similar picture: people are far more likely to see costs than benefits in immigration, while around one-third feel the costs and benefits weigh up fairly evenly. 

But people are more likely to see immigration as a necessity rather than a threat

In all five countries, the percentage that sees immigration as an opportunity or a necessity is still in the majority. In Italy and Spain, people hold more positive perceptions, with more than 6 out of 10 seeing necessity or opportunity rather than threat.

Even if they feel the costs are greater, most people recognize that immigration brings benefits as well

As countries struggle with ageing populations and labour shortages, the public recognises benefits in immigration. Advocates for immigration often emphasise the cultural benefits of diversity, but the public is much more likely to perceive economic benefits. 

Crime and security are the most commonly cited concern in all five countries

Many also cite concerns about how immigration can strain scarce public resources such as healthcare and housing – other than in Italy, far fewer see migrants as a threat to jobs.  

Clear majorities support both stronger enforcement and better pathways for legal migration

Given the choice between an 'enforcement-only' approach, or also support new mechanisms for legal migration, majorities in all countries except Germany prefer the 'both-and' approach. This highlights how the public's chief concern about better control of migration rather than just wanting a reduction in migration levels. 

The five Cs

Our research has identified five key dimensions in the way individuals across countries balance the different dimensions of migration policies. We call them the 'five Cs'. They provide a useful for understanding how a society views migration. 

  • Control: This refers to how people expect their government to protect their national security and manage the flow of people across their borders. 
  • Compassion: This dimension encompasses the way that people recognize the hardships in others' lives, and their feelings of empathy and solidarity towards newcomers who are seeking to rebuild their lives.
  • Contribution: This refers to public expectations that in return for the privilege of coming to a country, newcomers will make a positive contribution to the economy and society, such as working, paying taxes and not relying on handouts.
  • Competence: This relates to public expectations around how governments implement migration policies, such as being fair, orderly and efficient.
  • Community: This concerns public expectations around how newcomers make efforts to integrate into local communities, such as respecting traditions, learning a new language and adding to local community life.  

This study focuses on how people balance the dimensions of control, compassion, and contribution. We find consistently that while there are smaller groups who emphasize control or compassion to the exclusion of the other, most people seek a balance between the two. But when the public feels that their borders are not being well-managed, they emphasize control issues more strongly. Contribution is a dimension that brings together large majorities of the population and, therefore, a good starting point for focusing the conversation about immigration and refugees.

Control, Compassion & Contribution

Europe Talks Migration is supported by the Robert Bosch Stiftung